Climate Change And Its Effect On The Ecosystem - 1410 Words

Climate change is an issue that is occurring not only in Canada, but all over the world. Climate change has been caused by natural reasons, but due to human activities, it has quickened the process of climate change. Burning of fossil fuels and cutting down trees increases the amount of carbon being emitted, which would be trapped in the ozone. From 1948 to 2013, Canada’s average temperature has increased by 1.6 °C. This increase of the average temperature has changed the temperature during winter and spring and will continue to significantly change over the course of many years. Climate change could lead to very severe impacts to different regions. It could cause extreme weather events like droughts, but also heavy rainstorms. Climate†¦show more content†¦Today’s atmosphere contains 45 percent more carbon dioxide than before the industrial era. As mentioned above, climate change affects the world in many different ways. Climate change affects the temperatur e, weather patterns, ecosystem and the economy. Climate change can cause all sorts of severe weather events from droughts to floods to forest fires to heavy rainstorms. The ecosystem would start to collapse as climate change becomes more severe. Animals would have to migrate to survive and many species would become extinct. Climate change could also affect Canada’s economy as many sectors include natural resources. For instance, droughts would affect farmlands all across Canada and a deficiency in the food supply may occur. Forest fires are also common and may affect the forestry sector. Scientist have found possible solutions for climate change. These solutions would help the environment greatly and create a sustainable Earth. Some of these solutions include foregoing fossil fuels, stop cutting down trees and research and develop new, cleaner fuels for the future. Eliminating the use of fossil fuel is essential for slowing climate change from occurring. This may be quite a d ifficult task as many countries depend on using fossil fuel for daily activities like driving cars to powering electricity plants to heating up houses. If countries forego using fossil fuels, there would be an increase in unemployment. For

The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct Free Essays

The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased? Emmanuel Mueke Author Note Emmanuel Mueke. Independent Researcher. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Emmanuel Mueke, P. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct or any similar topic only for you Order Now O. Box 44935 – 00100. Nairobi, Kenya. Contact: emmanuelmueke@gmail. com Abstract This paper explores the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct as regards the issue of multicultural and diverse professional practise. Its aim is to establish whether diversity and cultural variety and differences are adequately provided for in the body of the document. Psychologists are mandated to provide services to a multitude of culturally diverse and varied clients in a manner that is both professional and ethical. In such situations cultural sensitivity is fundamental and has been elevated to best practice. The code has been questioned as to the efficacy of its cultural sensitivity; firstly in terms of whether the code itself is culturally encapsulated and secondly whether there exists an explicit or implicit cultural bias. To address this issue we shall undertake a look at the code; its inherent limitations and shortcomings. Secondly the issue of the importance of cultural sensitivity and its translated application in matters of ethical service delivery shall be addressed. Keywords: APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct, ethics, multicultural, diversity, bias. The APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity – is the code culturally encapsulated and biased? Cultural sensitivity and professional ethics are central to the provision of psychologists’ services; this has led to the APA issuing guidelines in an effort to ensure that best practice is not only aspired to but more importantly achieved. This paper examines the Code of Conduct and the pursuant Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002). Analysis of these documents will establish the existence of mechanisms to ensure protection against cultural bias and effective promotion of cultural sensitivity. Literature Review In the 2002 APA Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct several principles were outlined to ensure that cultural sensitivity was adopted as the guiding policy for practicing psychologists. The first mention of the issue of diversity and its effect on professional practice is in Principle E, which engenders awareness of and respect for cultural differences and admonishes the practitioners to try and eliminate the effect of biases upon their work and not to condone any activities of others based on prejudice. Further under Section 3. 1, unfair discrimination on any basis including culture is prohibited, combined with Section 3. 03 which admonishes the practitioners from engaging in any behaviour that would be demeaning to a person of different culture. The issue of ethical provision of services is not just about preventing discrimination or harassment to persons of different cultures but it is also about ensuring that they are provided with adequate a nd competent services as they well deserve; to this effect Section 2. 01 provides what has been termed a boundary of competence. The boundary is intended to ensure that the services provided are effective in the specific circumstances faced; to this effect first it limits a psychologist to only undertake to provide services within the boundary of his expertise, education and experience and secondly it mandates that a psychologist must undertake the training or education necessary to provide the requisite services to the target populace, this training or education taking into account all factors that have a bearing on effective service delivery such as age, gender, ethnicity et cetera. Lastly under Section 9. 06 (APA, 2002) when interpreting assessment results a psychologist is mandated to take into account all the factors relevant, including the cultural differences of the assessment subject, that might nuance the results in any way. To translate these into effective practice the APA published the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (APA, 2002); which was meant to embody diversity aspirations for professionals. This document built on the precedent established by the Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations (APA, 1990). It translated the Principles previously outlined into six different guideline rules with the appropriate commentary on the way to best achieve such targets. The guidelines are; 1. Psychologists are encouraged to recognize that, as cultural beings, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detrimentally influence their perceptions of and interactions with individuals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves 2. Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness, knowledge, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals 3. As educators, psychologists are encouraged to employ the constructs of multiculturalism and diversity in psychological education 4. Culturally sensitive psychological researchers are encouraged to recognize the importance of conducting culture-centred and ethical psychological research among persons from ethnic, linguistic, and racial minority backgrounds 5. Psychologists strive to apply culturally-appropriate skills in clinical and other applied psychological practices 6. Psychologists are encouraged to use organizational change processes to support culturally informed organizational (policy) development and practices Discussion The Guidelines admit the existence of a Eurocentric bias in the psychological profession and posit themselves as an ever-evolving solution; changing as further empirical research on the issue is undertaken. Moreover the document places a time limit on its validity in order to spur further research on the issue of multicultural practice. In order to ensure its efficacy the APA set up a task force whose sole purpose was to look into the implementation of the guidelines with a view to providing proper feedback by identifying pertinent implementation and infusion recommendations. The task force produced a report on the infusion of the paradigm shift in service delivery outlining how this should be undertaken; Report of the APA Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines (APA, 2008). The report split the guidelines into two categories the first being those whose implementation fell unto the practitioners and into this category they placed the first and second guidelines. The rest were in the category of those whose implementation required facilitation by the APA both in terms of administrative structures and funding; for example the APA was tasked with establishing an Office of Diversity Enhancement and hiring a Chief Diversity Officer to run it. The Office’s purpose is ensuring that there is diversity across the organization which helps with the ethical provision of services across multicultural diversity. Conclusion Having gone through the Code of Conduct, the pursuant Guidelines and the Implementation Report there is no evidence of cultural bias and encapsulation; rather there is incontrovertible evidence of contrived and concerted efforts to address the bias existent in the profession and its philosophy. References American Psychological Association. (1990). Guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from www. apa. org/pi/oema/guide. html American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073. Retrieved from www. apa. org/ethics. code. html American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377-402. (See www. apa. org/pi/multiculturalguidelines/homepage. html) American Psychological Association. (2008). Report of the Task Force on the Implementation of the Multicultural Guidelines. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/pi/ How to cite The Apa Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct, Papers

Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime

Question: Describe about the Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime ? Answer: System Theory Concept Systems theory is a branch of psychology that studies the behavior of human and the experience of the human being in the complex systems. It is an integrated approaches that using the techniques of renowned psychologists. The theory explores the patterns of the human experiences. The focus of the theory is to identify the motivational, cognitive and the group behavioral patterns of clients (Cao, 2011). The systems theory is applicable in case of families, communities and couples. The technique follows the identification of the patterns of behavior and the ways in which the members respond to the anxiety that exist in the environment. The individual develops an understanding of the various techniques and the transform their patterns of behavior. This make the individual more adaptive and productive (Cao, 2011). Ecological perspective Human ecology theory is context related to the Ecological system theory that identifies the environmental system. An individual interact with this environmental system. The ecological model rests on an evolutionary, adaptive outlook of human in constant communication with their environment (Falque, 2006).In biology, adjustment occurs when a human being keenly communicated with their environment to make certain a goodness-of-fit. Strengths and weaknesses of systems theory Strengths Systems theory involves an effective problem solving technique. The individuals can become more adaptive via treatment using the systems concept. The individual tend to become effective leaders. The individuals become more effective planners. The Founders Syndrome can be avoided by application of the systems theory (Kurtines, Gewirtz Lamb, 2014). Weaknesses Systems Theory cannot apply the specific tools and techniques that are required by the individuals for resolving their issues. The systems theory is often criticised to be too vague and abstract. It is not able to solve the practical issues. Systems theory with social work values The system theory develops the thinking of the human beings where they are able to recognize the right and wrong between the two choices. According to this theory the human state of mind is studied. This theory deals with the human behavior towards the other and with the environment (Hertlein, 2010). Human are completely responsible for their behavior to the others and environment. In this theory the how and why the human behavior varies, is defined. Example of systems theorys application Systems Theory assists the people in their process of solving problems. The social workers often evaluate the way in which the parent takes care of their children. The social workers expect that parent must abide by certain norms which includes providing the young with shelter, food, proper education and medical care (Cao, 2011). Describe Psychodynamic theory Psychodynamic theory is the term which deals with the consciousness and unconsciousness forces. It is an approach where human deals with the conscious and unconscious state of minds (Flores, 2007) Sigmund Freud, in the early 20th century anticipated a psychodynamic theory according to the theory proposed by Freud personality consists of instincts and pleasure, ego and superego. In the theory of Psychodynamic theory it is stated that the personality is shaped and developed by the experiences of childhood. The past experience help individual to handle the situation which they have experience in their childhood. In other words it can also be defined as behavior is motivated by the internal psychological forces (Levy, Ehrenthal, Yeomans Caligor, 2014) And imbalance in this can also result in abnormality.According to Freud unresolved conscious conflicts can also result in mental illness. Many of the psychologists and critics not accepted this theory due to the lack scientific evidences. Other theories of personality include behavioral and humanist theories. Strengths and weaknesses Strengths are discussed below: These childhood experiences help in developing personality of individual Include both nature and nurture into account. This helps in emphasizing on the both experiences of childhood as well as nature. It recognizes that there is a subconscious and it has a large impact on the behavior. Recognize the Psychodynamic theorys importance and its treatment Weaknesses are discussed below: Assumptions cannot be measured or proved wrong Psychodynamic approach is deterministic in nature. Persons dont have free will as it is pre- determined Ignores the biological components of psychology. Inaccessible to humans Difficult to research because of unsupported ideas Consistency with social work values This theory is applied socially everywhere to maintain the consistency of social work values. The childhood experience of an individual reflects in their future. This theory explains the development of the persons mental condition (Wilbur Scott, 2013) The view or opinion of a person depends on the past experiences that affect the nature and nurture of the human. Their consciousness and unconsciousness of mind is deeply affected in the childhood and these affect the personality of person. Application to social work practice It is an attempt to activate the strength of human personality. It also affects the resources of the environment to enhance the opportunities to individual to develop more personality of there. Social Learning Theory As propounded by Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory is a combination of cognitive learning theory and behavioral learning theory. The two theories were have four requirements of learning: attention (environmental), motor reproduction (cognitive), motivation (both) and retention (cognitive). He stresses that humans are cognitive beings. The behavior is not shaped by immediate consequences. The observational theory results from behavior of other people. Children acquire responses and interests without even teaching them. A famous experiment was conducted by Bandura in which children were observed as adults for a violent r passive behavior towards a doll. Children observing violent behavior in their observations behaved violently towards the doll (Akers Jensen, 2007). Strengths and weaknesses The social learning theory has much strength in evaluation. Bandura confirmed that children do not copy aggression. Human have the ability to store what they observe around them. This theory helps in handling inconsistencies in a childs behavior. Acts of aggression such as shooting, homicide, murder, suicide was linked with violent games and TV shows. The theory is less reductionist and deterministic than an approach to behavior . The weaknesses are explained below: It does not explain the reason why children do not copy the games or TV shows they watch. It does not explain abstract idea learning such as fairness, ethics and moral justice. Some people have an aggressive nature and do not acquire by others behaviors. It does not concentrate on explaining the internal process how the behavior is reproduced. Consistency with social work values Social learning theory holds a value in changing lives for people related to criminology, management of children and parents, violence in the society. A large number of cases are passed over from one generation to another. The social context is influenced by explaining spcialization and development of self (Darity, 2008). Application to social work practice Work with groups- The social learning theory has been applied to serving people with alcohol or drug abuse, prisoners, youth with behavioral problems etc. A combination of tasks is conducted by helping groups that has increased competency by helping each other. Practical tasks are tried by social work practice in groups of class or children to change their bullying behavior. Work with families- Treatment programs may be directed for social work practice by educating how to learn and use methods. The PMT or Parent management Training is used by social workers. There may be an interaction conducted for focusing on problems between children and their parents (Inderbitzin, Bates Gainey, 2013). Moral Development Theory As propounded by a Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, there are different stages of moral development. Later in the year 1958, Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with the principle of moral development but added his ideas further. It holds moral reasoning, ethical behavior, identifiable developmental stages and moral dilemmas. It has three levels and six stages: Pre-conventional (Obedience and Punishment; Self-interest orientation), conventional (Interpersonal accord and conformity; Authority and social order maintenance) and Post-conventional (Social contract and universal ethical principles) (Killen Smetana, 2006). Strengths and Weaknesses The strengths of moral development theory are- Reasoning behind judgment is focused that gives a greater insight for moral development. Educational benefit is provided. The theory raised evidence for moral reasoning The weaknesses of the theory are as follows: The theory lacks validity. The theory is mainly focused on men. There is emphasis on justice while other values are excluded The theory is not culturally neutral and dilemmas are artificial in nature. Consistency with social work values The approach stresses the importance of educator by presenting moral dilemmas for discussion. There is exposure in social environment and moral reasoning. The moral thought of one stage is presented. The level of moral reasoning in the society is justified. The situations of moral conflict that are not resolved properly, has a chance to develop more complex ways if it is not resolute. The personal values and opinions in a society are related. The ethical universal principles are consistent and comprehensive in nature. The dilemma was used in Heinz when it stole drug in Europe (Winch, 2002). Application to social work practice A great influence is raised upon children, philosophers, parents and religious leaders. The orientation is punishment or obedience based. The children see rules as fixed. Children obey rules as they want to avoid punishment. The teens conform to others. There is an attitude for social contract, principle, good boy attitude among children. The people consider society as a whole for making judgment. There is emphasis laid on dignity of all human beings. There is orientation by people towards maintaining authority and social order. There is loyalty, gratitude and justice in the society. The children tend to say if the action is morally right or not. A policeman refuses bribe as he believes it is his duty to maintain order. The judgment of people may violate laws and rules when a person is attached to his principles of justice (Kurtines, Gewirtz Lamb, 2014). Concepts of the family Wholeness Family system organizes them to follow their daily tasks and challenges in their life. Whole family is responsible for the entire requirement in the family on daily basis. The complete is accountable to handle the situation in the family. Or it can be also said that the individual in the family is support for each other in the family (Sakai et al., 2006). These values and ethics are accepted by whole family to understand the law of environment and of family. Interdependence Interdependence is the term where the individual member of the family is independent to carry out their tasks and live an independent life without any interference in their life by anyone even of their own family. Here individual are responsible for the accepting the values laws of nature. Structure The structure of the family is that how the family organize themselves into different small subsystem by comprising these small subsystems a larger family system can be formed. These small subsystems can be formed either by gender or generation. All the subsystem is indirectly involved in the individual subsystem. Adaptability of family is defined as the flexibility of family accepting the values of the environment and the family. How adaptable they are it only proved by the flexibility of the family in adopting the rules and the values of own as well as system. References: Akers, R., Jensen, G. (2007).Social Learning Theory And The Explanation Of Crime. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Cao, Y. (2011). Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language classrooms from an ecological perspective.System,39(4), 468-479. doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.10.016 Darity, W. (2008).International encyclopedia of the social sciences. Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA. Falque, J. (2006). Capturing Total System of Systems Costs Using SEER-H with Total System Vision (TSV) and SEER-SEM: An Example Application.INCOSE International Symposium,16(1), 1749-1764. doi:10.1002/j.2334-5837.2006.tb02848.x Flores, P. (2007).Group psychotherapy with addicted populations. New York: Haworth Press. Inderbitzin, M., Bates, K., Gainey, R. (2013).Deviance and social control. Los Angeles: SAGE. Killen, M., Smetana, J. (2006).Handbook of moral development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kurtines, W., Gewirtz, J., Lamb, J. (2014).Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Levy, K., Ehrenthal, J., Yeomans, F., Caligor, E. (2014). The Efficacy of Psychotherapy: Focus on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy as an Example.Psychodynamic Psychiatry,42(3), 377-421. doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.377 Mcleod, P., Kettner-Polley, R. (2004). Contributions of Psychodynamic Theories to Understanding Small Groups.Small Group Research,35(3), 333-361. doi:10.1177/1046496404264973 New, R., Cochran, M. (2007).Early childhood education. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Thyer, B. (2008).Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Wilbur, G., Scott, R. (2013). Inside Out, Outside In: Power and Culture in a Learning Community.Multicultural Perspectives,15(3), 158-164. doi:10.1080/15210960.2013.809306 Winch, C. (2002).The philosophy of human learning. London: Routledge. Hertlein, K. (2010). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process, and Practice.Journal Of Family Theory Review,2(4), 426-428. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00072.x Sakai, Y., Moriyama, K., Okuno, T., Miyakoshi, H., Kitajima, S., Yamamoto, K. et al. (2006). Th-P15:121 Development and application of a new assay system for apolipoprotein B-48 (Apo B-48): Apo B-48 level may be a useful marker of coronary heart disease.Atherosclerosis Supplements,7(3), 519. doi:10.1016/s1567-5688(06)82081-7

The feature film, The Castle by Rob Sitch, uses va Essays - Films

The feature film, The Castle by Rob Sitch, uses varying film codes to stereotype the main character, Darryl Kerrigan as a true Aussie battler. Symbolic and audio are the most-apparent code types used, but written and technical codes still emerge, just like all other good films. The Castle is a story about a loving family and their home. Their home happens to be situated near a large airport owned by airlink, and this airport needs room to grow, they're room. Being so closely linked to the government body it uses its political power to try and compulsorily acquire a string of houses next to the airport. They do not realise that one of these houses belongs to Darryl and the Kerrigan Family, and that a house is material, but they are trying to buy a family's home. This news is brought in a letter, and while they are examining it, their non-English speaking neighbour knocks on their door asking for a letter to be translated, a very similar letter to the one the Kerrigan's received. This makes Darryl worried about his other neighbour, Jack. Jack is an old man with out much money and seems to rely on Darryl a generous amount. Darryl, infuriated by this news, tries to convince Dennis Denuto - a small Lawyer that does petty thefts and wills - to represent him in c ourt. Unfortunately, Darryl is on his own in the local court, losing his case. Next, he asks for help from the local neighbours, financially - but he understands Jack can't pay so he offers to pay for him - and pays Dennis Denuto to go to the High Court with the case. Dennis' case was not good enough, just talking about the "gist" of the Constitution, but not before Darryl rejects a bribe from Airlink. During this hearing, Darryl met a man who he did not know was a QC.

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS Free Online Research Papers Dreams can be very coincidental and mysterious. Throughout history dreams have been associated with revelation and prophecy. And so the story goes, that a dream revealed the molecular structure of carbon to a scientist.[1] And so, just as we can wonder what a certain dream means to the dreamer, we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Yet, in spite of modern science, dreams still remain mysterious. In this paper I will; give some interesting information I learned about dreams and psychology. Sigmund Freud once called dreams the â€Å"Royal road, to the unconscious,† and I think that statement will remain true in psychology forever. Freud’s well-known text, The Interpretation of Dreams, contains some of his greatest work. I cant even begin to summarize Freud’s work here, but I will point out that Freud believed every dream is a wish fulfillment, and he kept this theory to the end, even though he gave up his idea that all dreams have a sexual content. For Freud, the concept of wish fulfillment didn’t necessarily mean that a pleasure was what the person is looking for, because a person could just as well have a wish to be punished. Although, this idea of â€Å"secret† wishes hidden in dreams remains most important to classical Freudian theories. Of course, there are other ideas about dreams besides Freudian theories. Some people believe that dreams have certain specific meanings. It’s said that if you dream about oranges, it means good health; if you dream about onions, it means hard work, and so on. You can even buy â€Å"dictionaries† of dream interpretation. Then there are modern scientists who claim that dreams are nothing more than images resulting from random electrical activity in the brain, as it cleans house during the night. And then there are those who accept the unconscious importance of dreams and see them as more than wish fulfillment; I find dreams to be valuable hints about how to improve our lives- and even keep us from self-destructing. To use dream material in a clinical way, in what is called -psychotherapy-, people need to realize that we never use the actual dream itself. That might sound weird, but think about it. When you tell someone about a dream, it’s impossible to pick apart the jumble of images that you perceived while you were sleeping. All you can do is put the dream into words in an imperfect attempt to describe what you experienced. So, in the end, to talk about the dream you really talk about the text of your perception of the dream. Text, stands for, language, and, it’s already a form of interpretation of the actual experience. So does it even matter if the images came to you because of random electrical activity, or because of that greasy pizza you ate before going to bed, or whether they are revelations from your unconscious mind? Your attempt to make sense of those images, wherever they came from, reveals something about your current emotional state of mind. The clinical work of dream interpretation, involves three things. First, you need a written text of the dream. It’s best if you write it down right after you wake up from the dream. But sometimes it’s possible to remember a dream- or a piece of the dream- that you haven’t written down, so whoever you are telling the dream to can write down what you say. Second, you have to describe and understand the psychological associations to the different images in the dream. These associations must come from your personal life, not from a â€Å"dictionary† of dreams. This means asking yourself, â€Å"When you think of this particular dream image, what other things come to mind?† Such as, dreaming about Mrs. Smith from your childhood, for example, doesn’t necessarily â€Å"mean† anything, but what you thought about Mrs. Smith when you were a child- like, what her life, behaviors, and values suggested to you then- might have something to say about the problems you struggle with today. Third, you have to discover the links between all these associations. This process is a bit like those â€Å"connect the dots† puzzles that reveal a hidden picture. Psychologically, you simply need to understand what this set of associations from the dream is telling you specifically, at this exact time of your life, about your current problems and conflicts . Quite often, these associations are purely emotional; meaning, you can take a graphic dream image, examine your emotional reactions to it, look back into your past for times when you felt the same emotions, and then ask yourself in what way those situations from the past have any influence on what is happening in your life now. Here are some helpful and interesting points about dream interpretation:It’s easy to forget your dreams. In order to interpret your dreams you have to remember them, so forgetting them is a real problem. In fact, those who chronically forget their dreams tend to claim that they don’t dream. Dreams are remembered only if you wake up during, or just at the end of, a dream. But if you just turn over and fall asleep again, you’re not likely to remember a thing in the morning. So to remember a dream you have to write it down as soon as you wake up from it. It helps to keep a note pad and a pen by your bed- and tell yourself, before you fall asleep, that you want to write down any dreams you can remember that night. Dreams often mean the opposite of what they seem to mean. The technical, psychoanalytic explanation for this is complicated, but it has to do with the fact that we often see our own desires as they are reflected (and mirror-reversed) through others. For example, if you dream that you’re embarrassed for being in public without clothes, it likely means that you have a deep unconscious need for some hidden aspect of your being to be shown to others in its â€Å"naked truth.† You don’t have to interpret your dreams in order to solve your problems. But just as there is the saying that â€Å"Death cures cigarette smoking,† you might find that listening to your dreams may help you solve your problems before you run out of time. Similarly, although dream analysis does not necessarily have to be a part of your well being, your understanding of yourself can be enhanced if you make the effort to interpret your dreams. But understand there are other great things you can do that have nothing to with dreams to enhance your personal well-being and solve your problems. There is so much information on dreams I have researched, but it is impossible to explain everything to you in one essay. Keep in mind that dreams are not just crazy random stories your unconscious mind makes up while your asleep, they have meaning and explanation, and can sometimes tell you things about yourself that you did not know. Dreams could also have a lot to do with images resulting from random electrical activity in your brain. In conclusion, if you are wondering what a specific dream interprets or has to do with what you are feeling inside, write it down, pick it apart, analyze it and research it, you might be very surprised at what you find. But do not stress if you cannot figure out what a dream is telling you, some are meant to remain a mystery and pose as a challenge for you to overcome in life. Research Papers on The Psychology Mind TravelThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTwilight of the UAWStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Comma Before But

Comma Before But Comma Before But Comma Before But By Maeve Maddox This reader’s question illustrates the uncertainty felt by many writers about when to use a comma before the conjunction but: In the following sentence, the secondary clause isn’t truly independent; it lacks a subject, yet it conveys an almost-complete thought: â€Å"I left Susan a message last week but haven’t heard back from her yet.† My question is whether a comma precedes but even though a subject doesn’t follow but. Put another way, is the secondary clause’s implied subject, I ¸ sufficient to require a comma before the coordinating conjunction? There is no â€Å"implied† subject in the sentence â€Å"I left Susan a message last week but haven’t heard back from her yet.† The sentence’s stated subject is I. It’s the subject of both verbs, the one before and the one after the but. The answer, therefore, is that no comma is needed before the but. The rule for but is the same as that for the other six coordinating conjunctions: and, for, or, nor, so, and yet. If the conjunction precedes an independent (main) clause, use a comma: â€Å"Jack tried a new diet, but he still gained weight.† If the but is not followed by an independent clause, no comma is needed: â€Å"Jack tried a new diet but still gained weight.† If a writer finds himself hesitating over a sentence like the one in the example, the easiest way to settle the comma question is to supply another subject for the second verb: â€Å"I left Susan a message last week, but I haven’t heard back from her yet.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsItalicizing Foreign WordsWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Forecast of the Nature of Training 20 Years Hence Essay

Forecast of the Nature of Training 20 Years Hence - Essay Example The next step is to make augmented reality systems mobile (Macchiarella, 2005). In 1995, Gordon Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel predicted that computational power will double every 18-24 months. This would mean that in 20 years, computers would be able to handle data and processes at least 10 times of what it can do today. Having said that, we can let imagination run wild with the kinds of computer-based training systems that will be available 20 years from now. This author predicts that in 20 years time computing power would have multiplied ten times over, the physical size of devices would have shrunk 10 times its original size, and mobile facilities would have increased an unimaginable number. This means that limitless training can be had conveniently using a conveniently small computing device which can be carted around anywhere. Palm-sized computers equipped with electronic writing device, earpiece, internet access, and interactivity can replace conventional devices used for web-based training. Such devices can even be taken to the work area and can be used to provide a readily accessible reference "material" in case problems are encountered on the job. Macchiarella's prediction of making augmented reality training systems mobile could well be achieved in 20 years. Learning booths for various AR training would have been mass-produced and installed in convenient locations such as community centers, malls, airports or other places where p eople go to when they have spare time or where have to wait and needlessly waste time. Access cards to the training booths may be equipped with a payment facility for pay-per-use training or to logon to an organization’s training program. ... Access cards to the training booths may be equipped with a payment facility for pay-per-use training or to logon to an organization's training program. Trainer-trainee interaction may have become readily available after 20 years. In much the same way that 24/7 operations are conducted, trainers on shift would be able to interact with trainees from any part of the world who has accessed a training material over the internet. Using a mobile device with instant messaging capabilities would make this possible. According to Wexler (2008), different training technology modalities are on the rise and this is expected to continue for the next decades. These are podcasts, blogs, communities of practice, Wikis, LMS, online references, online assessment and testing, synchronous and asynchronous e-Learning, learning content management and portals. Moreover, the training profession is also forecasted to diversify and specialize in new areas such as aggregators of content who will sell access to t heir content to organizations which need them, developers of generic courses who will sell their courses on a pay-per-use basis, or developers of specific courses targeted to specific industry requirements (Heathfield, 2008). With technology advancing by leaps and bounds, the applications for training may well be limitless. If it can be imagined, it will most probably be possible. Assignment 2: Statement of Work Abstract Due to increasing diversity in the workplace, there is a need to level the field in terms of English language communication. Effective communication among community members is essential for peaceful coexistence and for solving many day-to-day problems. The constant flow of information from country to country in a globalized world has created the need to

Module Manging orgnisational change & Design Essay

Module Manging orgnisational change & Design - Essay Example It is therefore worth noting that organizations are formations of people, who interact for a common purpose and exhibit good structure with a purposeful coordination of various departments and groups of people within the organization. Organizations as shown have a common goal or purpose as a basic building block and as such, they are often formed to exploit resources for a common good. Organizations may vary in what they do but the commonality of interest in exploitation and mobilization of resources distinct organizations from other types of social set-ups. They are therefore often profit oriented and are formed to pull together resources and exploit them collaboratively for common good. Organizations are formed of people with common motives or ideas. Members in an organization exhibit some traits in shared values, symbols, behaviors and beliefs, which together define the organization culture. Organization culture is a key determinant to any organization’s success in that it guides and influences actions as well as decision making at the organization though unconsciously (Haworth, nd). Organizational culture is a very strong force that is characteristic in an organization though not in a visible form. ... They therefore have distinct links with the external environment, which implies that organizations interact with other forms of systems within the social environment, groups of people, individual persons, communities as well as other organizations. Organizations are not similar but they exhibit a range of variations. The variations notable on organizations are evident in manner of operations, formation, organizations as well as the basic goal for their formation. On a broader view, organizations are distinct on matters of either being public or private. The public organizatiosn are designed and ran by a specific government department under which specific legal provisions apply and influence policy making towards the organization. On the other hand, private organizations are unique in that they are not directly under influence of the government but they are distinct. They are classified into either profit or nonprofit organizations where the activities involved are similar but the mot ives guiding the operations differ. The for-profit organizations exploit resources for profit motive while the non-profit organizations are guided by other motives and not making profit. Seminar Question two: The formation and management of organizations is dependent on particular contexts within which they operate. The organizational context in this regard implies that there are influential circumstances surrounding the working of the group of persons. Context refers to the environment of operations, influencing items in the scope of current operations and an overall setting within which the organization is established and within which the operations take place. Understanding the context within which an organization operates has absolute advantages in that it

Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Operating Systems Essay Interfaces that are graphical in nature are known either as Graphical User Interfaces(GUI) or WIMP interfaces (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer). Typically, these types of interfaces are available in multi-programming environments or in applications software that involve a considerable degree of complexity. In a GUI, there are: A window for each open application. Many windows can be open at the same time but only one window can be active at any one time. There may be some way of indicating which one is active (perhaps by making the bar at the top of the active window blue). Menus and icons. Available functions can be selected in one of two ways, either by using pop-up menus or drop-down menus, or clicking on icons. An icon is simply a small picture that represents a specific function- clicking on it selects that function.   A pointing device, usually a mouse but in certain circumstances a graphical tablet and pen can be used. These are used to make selections.   The use of the keyboard to navigate through the application is minimized because it is relatively time-consuming way of working.   Natural language. Natural language interfaces are those that allow the user to communicate in their native language, such as English. It allows the user to instruct the computer without need for a particular syntax. The system needs to be able both to interpret inputs in natural language from the user, and to act upon them, and, also preferably to generate natural language statements in response to user input. Sometimes it is also referred as a conversational interface. The questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. For example, imagine a user has initiated a save file request. The conversation might be: COMP:Whats the file name? USER: chapter1. txt COMP:what folder? USER: userguide COMP:File already exists. Overwrite? USER:Yes COMP: Done. This kind of interface can be found on data entry terminals and other types of dumb terminals connected to a network where non-experts users are guided through the complex tasks they need to perform by the computer.   Command line Command based interface is one where the user types a series of commands at the keyboard which tell the computer what their intentions are. It is also known as linguistic manipulation. The characteristics of a command based interface are   the user needs to know what commands are available   the user needs to understand the commands Characteristics of a command based interface 1) The system is very much more open than in the other types of interface. Other interfaces restrict the options that the user has available to them. This can be particularly important for the system manager because different users can only be allowed to have access to specific parts of the system. 2) Command based interfaces can only be used by computer literate people because the user need to understand the commands and their uses. 1. Define what is meant by the term operating system. (2) 2. Give two reasons why an operating system is likely to be stored on backing storage rather than in the memory of the computer. (2) 3. Distinguish between a multi-programming and a multi-access operating system. (2) 4. State what is meant by a distributed system, and give an advantage of this type of multi-access system over a simple network of machines. (2) 5. A computer operator takes phone calls from the public who ring up asking whether a particular item in a catalogue is available. The operator needs to type in a series of responses to questions put to the caller, so that the computer can check the file and determine whether there are any of that item available. Design a screen interface that would be suitable for the operator to use. (4) 6. The technician responsible for maintaining the system in question 5, uses a command line interface. a) Explain what is meant by a command line interface. (2) b) Give two advantages and one disadvantage to the technician of using a command line interface rather than a menu based interface. (3) Answers: 1 A. -A (suite of) programs-which run the basic functions of the computer -giving an environment in which to run application software. A question which begins with the word define, leaves very little room for manoeuvre because it is asking for a standard answer. This is not an opportunity to show your prowess by making up an answer that is original- there arent any. Note, also, the fact that three answers have been given. Always try to give one more answer than seems to be required by the question. If you look at a mark scheme for an examination paper, the mark points are listed as a set of bullet points so there is no reason why you should not do the same. This style of answer helps you to write down your thoughts easily without getting confused by the language. The purpose of this examination is not to test your ability with English, rather to test your knowledge of computing. 2 A. A full operating system requires a large amount of storage space that is better utilised in the computer memory for applications Storage of the operating system on backing storage allows for easy upgrading or changing from one system to a different one. Note that the temptation to call the operating system the O. S. has been resisted in the answer. In general, do not use abbreviations in your answers. There are exceptions, where the abbreviation is the accepted form, but your own versions may be ambiguous or, even, not understood by the examiner. If you do need to use an abbreviation, because the term is to be used a number of times, give the term in full with the abbreviation that you want to use in brackets after it. For example, the first time that you use the term operating system write operating system (OS) you can then use OS as often as you like in the rest of your answer. 3. A. A multi-programming operating system is one where the user of the machine is given the impression that they can carry out more than one task at a time. A multi-access operating system is one where it is possible for more than one user to access the system apparently at the same time. Note that there are a large number of points that could have been made about both of these operating systems, but most of them would not answer the question. It is important when answering a question starting with distinguish to choose facts that show a comparison. 4 A. A distributed system is one which uses many storage locations on different machines to store software and files. Access to files can be speeded up because more than one file command can be carried out at a time. When an advantage is asked for it is normal to state in the question, either explicitly or implicitly, with what the comparison should be made. Be careful to give an advantage using this comparison and not a more generalised one. 5 A. Form type interface Catalogue number Space for the description of goods which will be filled in by the computer itself Spaces for computer to produce availability and price Laid out with spaces for input. What is just as important here are the things that would not be on the screen. The question makes it quite clear that there is no ordering going on, so spaces for name and address, or method of payment, are not only going to score no marks, but will probably be penalised because they demonstrate that the candidate has not understood the question. In this type of question it is important to demonstrate that you have taken the situation into account. 6 A. a)-Series of commands typed at a screen prompt -which give specific instructions to the computer. b)Advantages: -Entire system is available to the technician -Access to the particular part of the system required is gained more quickly than using other types of interface. Disadvantage: -The technician needs to know the commands that are available -The technician needs to understand the way the system is designed so that it can be navigated efficiently. Note. The language used in this answer is not the sort of language that a candidate will use in an examination. Dont worry about this. Answers like so that you can get around the system are perfectly acceptable. System Software James Leong Mook Seng.

A Critique of Thank You for Smoking? :: Critical Essays

A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† Intro: The essay â€Å"Thank You for Smoking,† written by Peter Brimelow, is far from an influential essay on why people should smoke. Through this essay, Brimelow makes an effort to convince the audience smoking is actually beneficial to your health. I find it hard for people to write about what they think are the benefits of smoking when there are so many obvious reasons why you should not smoke. The main audience being targeted in this article is those who already smoke and those who are thinking about smoking. One thing mentioned in the article is the fact that smokers are usually lighter in weight. In my personal opinion, I would rather eat a balanced diet and walk daily rather than walk around with a cigarette in my mouth and risk lung cancer. Inductive or Deductive: When trying to find if an essay is logically stated, you first must find if it is inductive or deductive. This is an example of an inductive essay. What inductive means is that the author goes from using specific samples to generalizations that are drawn from those examples (McFadden). Major Claim: The major claim is usually the topic sentence or main idea in the article (McFadden). Through the major claim, Peter points out that smoking has beneficial factors. He states those who smoke are less likely to get many diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, osteoarthritis, and colon cancer (Brimelow 142). Another example used in this essay is the author’s comparison of driving automobiles to smoking cigarettes. Brimelow states, â€Å"But so is driving automobiles dangerous to your health (over 40,000 deaths a year)† (141). This to me just seems like a completely ridiculous comparison to include in this article, especially when in the prior paragraph he states that there are approximately 400,000 deaths annually, which are smoking-related (Brimelow). Minor Claim: One minor claim pointed out through this essay is how smoking helps to relax people, which is one form of a stress reliever (Brimelow). In addition, smoking is said to stimulate alertness, dexterity, and cognitive capacity (Brimelow). It is true these are all things in which people can benefit from; however, these are far from being favorable enough for people to decide to go light up. Grounds: Grounds include all evidence, facts, and logic used in supporting claims (McFadden).

Analysis †Aqualisa Quartz: Simply a Better Shower Essay

Aqualisa is a U.K. based shower manufacturing Company. The Company has been very reputed in the U.K. market for its top quality showers, reliability and great service. It had launched its premium brand Quartz in May 2001. The basic purpose behind launching this brand was to address the concerns of the consumers and the plumbers which perhaps were not satisfied with the existing products in the market. Aqualisa has three products in shower market segments. This product addresses the issues of lower water pressure and allowing for proper temperature control for water. Generally speaking, due to legacy building designs, shower has low pressure and variable temperatures. Electric Showers commands around 60% of the market (Aqua has 20% or so of electric shower market) and easier to install but are positioned awkwardly in bathrooms and does not solve the pressure problem. On flip side, they do not need separate heat water supply, rather heats the water by itself. Also they are by far the cheapest among the three products with price difference in the range of 200- 400 dollars. Mixer Shower – Has two products one with pump one without. Priced at 400- 700.It takes 2 days to install. They have Great reputation in the market. Power Share – Awkwardly installed. they in 480 to 700 price range. It has average quality reputation. The quartz shower solves the awkward installation and long installation time problems. It can be installed in half a day, has easily configurable buttons to set temperature, and the installed box can be tucked away in a closed space. However, it costs 850 -1100 which is higher than the cost of other showers in the market and hence it is perceived as a premium segment product. Because of this and also the reluctance of the plumbers to learn about the new product, Quartz has not been able to achieve its expected sales. It was able to achieve the sales of only 15 units a day. Going with the current sales of Quartz shower of 15 units a day, the Company could probably recover the amount spent on its research and development with a time period of 3-4 years. If the Company could promote the sales of the product to at least 50 units a day it will be able to achieve a break even within the next two years. Analysis Porter’s five forces: 1)Supplier power: As seen in the case of Aqualisa, the supplier has almost no say. The market is completely customer driven. 2)Buyer power: In case of the shower industry, there are three customers. They are the plumbers, the property developers and the consumers. The plumbers here had the maximum bargaining power as they were involved in 73% of times in selecting a suitable shower. Only 17% of the times the consumers selected the shower alone without the consultation of the plumber. Hence the plumbers were the key customers. 3)Threat of new entry: The shower industry has been a growing industry. Only 60% of the U.K homes had showers and hence there were a lot of chances that new companies can come in the market to tap the huge market. This would reduce the market share of Aqualisa. 4)Threat Of substitution: Only 60 % of UK homes have a shower in spite of a bathtub being present in all homes. People are reluctant to buy showers because of the problems of fluctuations in water pressure and temperature. The aqualisa showers overcomes these problems however, if the perception about the showers are not changed in the minds of the people, the may still be reluctant and not use showers 5)Competitive rivalry: There are more than 9 rival brands to Aqualisa in the UK market. The market has been captured by Triton which captures about 30% of the UK shower market. However, Aqualisa has a superior technology which in still not available with any of the rival companies. Strengths: 1)Aqualisa was perceived as a high quality shower manufacturing company in UK.This was due to the superior products which Aqualisa used to sell. 2)They had very high innovation in technology. The Quartz was an example of high technological innovation of Aqualisa which was not present in any other shower making company. 3)The brand image of Aqualisa was very good because of its high quality and innovations. 4)The market share of Aqualisa was also quite high in the UK market. It captured 18% of the total market share and was third largest selling brand in UK. Weakness: 1)Aqualisa was perceived as an expensive brand. As a result of which the sales were less in the lower segments of the market. 2)The service of Aqualisa though perceived as high quality was actually degrading and about 10% of the products had defects in them. 3)Because of the high R&D cost involved in bringing innovative product in the market, the products were highly priced. Opportunities: 1)With a strong R&D already present in Aqualisa, the company could innovate further and bring out technologically advanced low cost, low weight and a highly reliable product. 2)With its shower having very less fluctuations in water pressure and temperature, the products could have very high demand in the UK market if marketed properly. Threats: 1)The main customers for the showers were the plumbers as the end consumer were very heavily dependent on the plumbers. Most of the times, the choice of the consumer was influenced by the plumber. However, the plumbers were usually reluctant to use a new product as they were used to working with the existing product and did not want to learn anything new. This could lead to very low sales of the newly launched Aqualisa Quartz showers. 2)Aqualisa was clear differentiator from the market because of its superior technology and innovations. But the rival companies were also soon catching up and within two years’ time could match up with Aqualisa’s superior products. The 4 P’s of marketing: Product: The current quartz products of Aqualisa ,quartz Standard and Quartz Pumped can be produced to capture the Premium end market . In addition to that a we propose to produce a cut down quartz product named say ShowerMax Lite that could be marketed under the ShowerMax brand to cater to the need from the developers. Similarly a slightly differentiate quartz shower product Say Quartz Easy and Quartz Easy pumped could be introduced under the brand name Gainborough to fulfill the needs of the DO-IT-Yourself Customer group Place: The Aqualisa quartz products such as Quartz Standard and Quartz Pumped should be marketed should be marketed only through Showroom and Trade shops to maintain its status as premium brand. The quartz product under the Shower Max Brand (ShowerMax lite) should be sold only through Specialist Contract oulets to supply developers. Quartz Easy marketed under the brand Gainborough should be sold through DIY sheds. Price: The Aqualisa is a premium brand so we keep the price as Planned but we have to sell Shower Max quartz product at much lower price since the developers are price sensitive and we have to slightly decrease to promote it among DYI group.

A Doll House relationship comparison: Nora and Torvald v. Christine and Krogstad Essay

Henrik Ibsen creates many interesting and complex characters in his play A Doll’s House. Both the Helmers and Christine and Krogstad have very fascinating relationships. Nora and Torvald have a very insubstantial relationship in which Nora has no say or independence and is completely under Torvald’s control. Christine and Krogstad have their share of issues but they are able to work them out like reasonable adults. Nora/Torvald and Christine/Krogstad are two fundamentally different sets of people. Nora and Torvald have been married for a long time and they do their best to make sure they are happy. Nora loves Torvald very much and would do anything to for him. â€Å"Nora: Now I will show you that I too have something to be proud of. It was I that saved Torvald’s life.† (p.10) Nora was willing to commit a crime for Torvald to keep him from becoming very ill and dying. Torvald loves Nora but sees her more as a child and is generally more concerned about what others think of him then of what Nora thinks. â€Å"Torvald: From now on, forget happiness. Now it’s just about saving the remains, the wreckage, the appearance.† (Act III) Instead of saying that he would protect her he goes into a rage and tells Nora she is unfit to have anything to do with their children. He sees her more as a fragile doll than an actual person. Nora realizes too late that all she has been to the people in her life is a marionette whose strings are passed back and forth by the male figures in her life. â€Å"Nora: I have been performing tricks for you, Torvald. That’s how I’ve survived. You wanted it like that. You and Papa have done me a great wrong. It’s because of you I’ve made nothing of my life.† (Act III). Her life has just been a performance in which she did her best to please the men in her life. She realizes that in order to become independent that she has to get away. She finally becomes independent at the end of the play and saves herself from what could be called a sham of a marriage. Christine and Krogstad were married before but Christine left Krogstad for a richer man in order to take care of her ailing mother and younger brothers. Christine loved Krogstad but at the time he did not have the money she needed to insure that her family would be taken care of. Krogstad was devastated after Christine left him, which made him into a bitter, unhappy man. â€Å"Krogstad: When I lost you, it was as if all the solid ground went out from under my feet. Look at me now–I am a shipwrecked man clinging to a bit of wreckage.† (Act III) Krogstad secretly still loves her and in the end they get back together. The one fundamental difference between the Helmers and Christine and Krogstad is that they were able to work out their problems and solve their issues like reasonable adults. Henrik Ibsen creates a fascinating tale filled with intrigue and set of characters that make for a great story. The Helmers and Christine and Krogstad have very different perceptions of what love is. The key to any healthy relationship is to be able to work out your problems and not let anything get in the way of the love felt for the other person in the relationship. Nora and Torvald in the end weren’t meant for each other and Christine and Krogstad, after working out their differences were able to continue on happily. Nora/Torvald and Christine/Krogstad truly are two fundamentally different sets of people.

The Greek Colony of Miletus

The Greek Colony of Miletus Miletus was one of the great Ionian cities in southwestern Asia Minor. Homer refers to the people of Miletus as Carians. They fought against the Achaeans (Greeks) in the Trojan War. Later traditions have Ionian settlers taking the land from the Carians. Miletus itself sent off settlers to the Black Sea area, as well as the Hellespont. In 499 Miletus led the Ionian revolt that was a contributing factor in the Persian Wars. Miletus was destroyed 5 years later. Then in 479, Miletus joined the Delian League, and in 412 Miletus revolted from Athenian control offering a naval base to the Spartans. Alexander the Great conquered Miletus in 334 B.C.; then in 129, Miletus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In the 3rd Century A.D., Goths attacked Miletus, but the city continued, waging an ongoing fight against the silting of its harbor. Early Inhabitants of Miletus The Minoans abandoned their colony in Miletus by 1400 BC. Mycenaean Miletus was a dependency or ally of Ahhiwaya though its population was mostly Carian. Shortly after 1300 BC, the settlement was destroyed by fire- probably at the instigation of the Hittites who knew the city as Millawanda. The Hittites fortified the city against possible naval attacks by the Greeks. Age of the Settlement at Miletus Miletus was regarded as the oldest of the Ionian settlements, though this claim was disputed by Ephesus. Unlike its near neighbors, Ephesus and Smyrna, Miletus was protected from landward assaults by a mountain range and developed early as a sea power. During the 6th century, Miletus contested (unsuccessfully) with Samos for possession of Priene. In addition to producing philosophers and historians, the city was famous for its purple dye, its furniture, and the quality of its wool. The Milesians made their own terms with Cyrus during his conquest of Ionia, though they joined in the rebellion of 499. The city did not fall to the Persians until 494 at which time the Ionian Revolt was considered to be well and truly over. Rule of Miletus Though Miletus was originally ruled by a king the monarchy was overthrown early on. Around 630 BCE a tyranny evolved from its elected (but oligarchic) chief magistracy the prytaneia. The most famous Milesian tyrant was Thrasybulus who bluffed Alyattes out of attacking his city. After the fall of Thrasybulus there came a period of bloody stasis and it was during this period that Anaximander formulated his theory of opposites. When the Persians finally sacked Miletus in 494 they enslaved most of the population and deported them to the Persian Gulf, but there were enough survivors to play a decisive part in the battle of Mycale in 479 (Cimons liberation of Ionia). The city itself, however, was completely razed. The Port of Miletus Miletus, though one of the most famous ports of antiquity is now marooned in an alluvial delta. By the middle of the 5th century, it had recovered from Xerxes attack and was a contributing member of the Delian League. The 5th-century city was designed by the architect Hippodamas, a native of Miletus, and some of the extant remains date from that period. The present form of the theater dates to 100 A.D., but it had existed in an earlier form. It seats 15,000 and faces what used to be the harbor. Source Sally Goetsch of Didaskalia provided notes for this article. Percy Neville Ure, John Manuel Cook, Susan Mary Sherwin-White, and Charlotte Rouechà © Miletus The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth. Oxford University Press (2005).

Free Online Public Schools for Florida Students K-12

Free Online Public Schools for Florida Students K-12 Florida offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in Florida. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of Florida Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Florida Connections AcademyFlorida Virtual School Florida Cyber Charter Academy About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. Choosing a Florida Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see how to choose an online high school.

Project times ans costs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project times ans costs - Assignment Example One would need to consider time and costs in project management since these are the major inputs that need accuracy. To control any project well, accuracy of estimates in mandatory since good project control entirely depends on the extent to which the estimates are accurate. There is no need for under/overruns in a project. In fact, poorly managed project shows such symptoms majorly because of inaccuracies that existed during estimation or estimations were totally absent Project managers usually need to make good and informed decisions concerning the amount of the estimates that they require for the specific projects. For instance, in a project to construct a building, the construction manager would need to make accurate estimates of all the materials required so that cost estimates can be made. This will enable the manager to make informed decision on how much the cost of completing the construction would be without making any losses. This show how important accurate estimates are i n decision making. Another important factor to know in a project is how long the project would take as well as the total cost that the project will need to completion (Michael, 2008). These are questions that can only be responded to well by carrying out accurate estimation of both costs and time. Resources are very scarce, therefore the available ones should be planned well with to meet the intended needs. This can only be achieved in project management by good management of time and financial resources through accurate estimates. To control and manage a project well, one needs to develop cash flow needs. This will enable the project manager to predict the payback period of the project and even make the breakeven analysis. From the payback period, is easy to know whether the project is viable or not. It also becomes easy to know how much funds are required for the project maintenance and to achieve all these correctly, accurate estimate is required. Any good managed project require s a time phased budget. To develop this and establish a baseline for the project, accurate estimates must be done. The time passed budgets include the prices of different materials and how they change with time. Time might cause changes in the prices of materials; therefore, proper estimates need to be done to give accurate allowance for such adjustments when they occur in the future. Errors normally occur to anyone doing anything. The only difference is to what significant is the error to the project. Normally errors occur when estimations are not done correctly or just not done at all. To avoid or reduce errors in a given project, there is need for an accurate estimation to be done. This also helps in reducing under/overruns. The differences between bottom-up and top-bottom estimation techniques One must first appreciate that both bottom-up and top-bottom are project estimation techniques. However, bottom-up technique proves more accurate as compared to the top-bottom technique an d this marks the major difference between the two (Mark, 1997). The bottom-up technique, however, takes much time to carry out in as much as it is accurate. The top-bottom technique on the other hand is very fast to execute but less accurate. Bottom up technique is carried out by thoroughly by estimating each and every package of work in a WBS. This technique is normally applied once the management and its client are already committed to the project and